Skip to main content
Download PDF

Evaluating the health system financing of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries using Grey Relation Analysis and Shannon Entropy

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation volume 16, Article number: 31 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Sufficient and sustainable financing of the health system is essential for improving the health of the community. The health systems financing of the EMR countries is facing the challenge. Assessment and ranking of healthcare financing can help identify and resolve some challenges of health systems. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate and rank the condition of the health sector financing in the EMR countries.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study. The data was of secondary type, extracted from the official WHO and World Bank data. The six healthcare financing indicators in a 10-year interval (2005–2014) in 19 EMR countries analyzed using Grey Relation Analysis and Shannon Entropy.

Results

On average, the countries in the EMR region spent 4.87% of their GDP on the health sector. Jordan and Qatar allocated the highest (8.313) and the lowest (2.293) percentages of their GDP to the health sector, respectively. The results showed That Qatar was in a better condition than other EMR countries during 2005–2014 in terms of the health system financing and earned the first rank. After that, the UAE and Kuwait were ranked second and third.

Conclusions

There is a lot of inequality among the EMR countries in terms of health financing. However, our findings confirmed that only increasing the total health expenditure in a country would not improve its financing status compared to other countries, but it also depends on financing methods.

Background

Providing community health is a key element in economic growth of countries. However, increasing the burden of diseases reduces the pace of economic growth. Improving people’s health is not only an objective to improve the quality of life, but also has a positive impact on economic development of the country [1]. On the other hand, economic growth contributes to the improvement of health indicators. For example, a 5% increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), on average, may result in a 1% reduction in infant mortality rates [2]. So there is a mutual relationship between health and economy.

Governments need to have powerful health systems to improve the health of their communities, one of the most important aspects of which is its financing [3]. Sufficient and sustainable financing of the health system is essential for improving the health of the community and achieving the Millennium Development Goals [4, 5]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has considered and emphasized financing arrangements of the health system, and in 2010, encouraged countries to ensure adequate expenditures in the health sector and improve the efficiency of expenditures in order to have access to universal health coverage [6, 7]. But the rapid growth of health expenditures is a major concern for families and governments, especially in developing countries [8,9,10].

Evidence shows that health expenditures are allotted %1.5 to %13 of any country’s GDP [4]. As the most expensive health system in the world, the United States has spent one-sixth of its final goods and service expenditures on the health sector in the second decade of the twenty-first century [11]. Meanwhile, the health systems of the EMR countries are facing the challenge of increased health expenditures [4]. For instance, Iran’s health expenditure indicator has increased 71 times in the last 20 years [12]. The study by Ahmadi et al. [4] in 2013 showed that among the EMR countries, Pakistan and Qatar had the lowest and the highest expenditures in the health sector, respectively. The EMR is one of the six WHO regions which is expanded from Pakistan to Morocco, covering 22 countries with an estimated population of 645 million [13].

Therefore, as health expenditures is a major part of governments’ expenditures and one of the key indicators of governments’ commitment to the health of the communities under their coverage, they are looking for appropriate policies and strategies to control or reduce these expenditures [12, 14]. A comprehensive study of healthcare financing and expenditures can help identify and resolve some challenges of health systems [4]. On the other hand, assessment and ranking of countries’ healthcare financing may provide the policymakers with new ideas and approaches to improve the performance of the health system, particularly economic performance [15]. Ranking has always existed, but the large amount of data in the present era has made ranking inevitable. Governments and organizations tend to know how to invest their resources and be distinguished compared to their competitors. Ranking can help identify distinctions and make decision-making easier [16].

Given that there are many indicators in the field of health system financing, its evaluation is multidimensional and complex. The ranking and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach plays an important role in solving multidimensional and complex problems [17]. There are many techniques for solving multidimensional and complex problems such as Simple Additive Weighting, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Analytic Network Process, Fuzzy theory, Goal Programming, Data Envelopment Analysis, TOPSIS, VICOR, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, Operational Competitiveness Rating, and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) [18,19,20]. Previous studies have examined and compared these methods in detail. Each of these methods has strengths and weaknesses [18]. It is not easy to determine which method is more reliable and logical, but it is believed that the technique should be chosen to be more objective and more efficient in solving the problem. Compared to other methods, GRA is a simple, meaningful, flexible and easy to computing and understand, which has been used in the financial field as well [20, 21].

GRA is one of the most well-known methods for ranking, decision-making and evaluating performance, and is widely used in solving multivariate problems [22, 23]. In the event of poor, limited, and unreliable information, GRA can be useful and effective for evaluating and ranking [24]. GRA is based on Grey System Theory, which was first introduced by Deng in 1982 and measures the relations within a series of discrete data [22, 25, 26]. Grey Relation refers to measuring the changes of the relations between two variables that occur in a system over time. The GRA method is used to measure the relations between variables when their development process is either homogeneous or heterogeneous [25, 27]. GRA is a useful method for solving problems under the conditions of uncertainty and multiple characteristics, and does not require large sample sizes and classical normal distribution [24, 25, 28].

Hence, the GRA approach was used in the present study to evaluate and rank the condition of the health sector financing in the EMR countries.

Methods

The data in this study are of secondary type, extracted from the official WHO and World Bank data. This study examined and analyzed the six healthcare financing indicators in a 10-year interval (2005–2014) in 19 EMR countries. The 6 indicators include Total Health Expenditure (THE) as % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (C1), General Government Health Expenditure (GGHE) as % of Total Government Expenditure (TGE) (C2), Out of Pocket (OOP) as % of THE (C3), THE per capita (current US$) (C4), Public Health Expenditure (PHE) as % of THE (C5), and Out of Pocket expenditure (OOP) as % of Private Health Expenditure (PvtHE) (C6), selected by experts. They are the most widely used indicators of countries’ health economy, so that the WHO and the World Bank use them for annual assessment of countries’ health economy status.

According to WHO classification, EMR countries include: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Syrian, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen. Three countries (Palestine, South Sudan, and Somalia) were excluded from the study due to the lack of complete and reliable data.

The GRA method was used to evaluate and rank the remaining countries. It included the following 7 stages [23, 28]:

  1. 1.

    Recognition of the alternatives and indicators: In this study, the items were the EMR countries except Palestine, Somalia and South Sudan (19 countries), and the six healthcare financing indicators mentioned above formed the performance evaluation indicators.

  2. 2.

    Making of the performance matrix: At this stage, a performance matrix was created, in which the rows and the columns were respectively the alternatives (M) and the indicators (N).

    $$Z_{M \times N} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {Z_{11} } & \cdots & {Z_{1j} } \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ {Z_{i1} } & \cdots & {Z_{MN} } \\ \end{array} } \right]$$

     The Zij element represented the actual value of the ith alternative in the jth indicator.

  3. 3.

    Generation of the normalized matrix: Since the indicators did not have the same nature and scale, the performance matrix was normalized. Thus, the values of the performance matrix were converted to the numbers ranged from 0 to 1. For this purpose, the following two formulas were used: the first was for positive indicators (larger is better), and the second was for negative ones (smaller is better):

    $$Z'_{ij} = \frac{{Z_{ij} - \hbox{min} \left\{ {Z_{ij} } \right\}}}{{\hbox{max} \left\{ {Z_{ij} } \right\} - \hbox{min} \left\{ {Z_{ij} } \right\}}}$$
    (1)
    $$Z'_{ij} = \frac{{\hbox{min} \left\{ {Z_{ij} } \right\} - Z_{ij} }}{{\hbox{max} \left\{ {Z_{ij} } \right\} - \hbox{min} \left\{ {Z_{ij} } \right\}}}$$
    (2)

    In this study, C3 and C6 indicators were negative and the rest were positive.

  4. 4.

    Construction of the reference sequence: Reference Sequence (Rj) refers to the ideal solution to solve the problem with the best performance for each indicator. The reference sequence was obtained in the normalized matrix by taking into account the best normalized value of each indicator.

    $$R_{j} = \max {{_{i = 1}}} \left\{ {Z^{\prime}{{_{ij}}} } \right\}$$
    (3)
  5. 5.

    Construction of the difference matrix: A difference matrix is created by the difference between the entries of the normalized matrix and the reference sequence. Each indicator’s entries were subtracted from the reference of the same indicator.

    $$\Delta_{ij} = \left| {R_{j} - Z'_{ij} } \right|$$
    (4)
    $$\Delta_{M \times N} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\Delta_{11} } & {\Delta_{12} } & \cdots & {\Delta_{1j} } \\ {\Delta_{21} } & {\Delta_{22} } & \cdots & {\Delta_{2j} } \\ \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots \\ {\Delta_{i1} } & {\Delta_{i2} } & \cdots & {\Delta_{MN} } \\ \end{array} } \right]$$
  6. 6.

    Definition of the grey relational coefficient: Next, the following formula was used to calculate the grey relational coefficient:

    $$\gamma_{ij} = \frac{{min_{i} {\mkern 1mu} min_{j} {\mkern 1mu} \Delta_{ij} + {\mkern 1mu} \rho \,max_{i} {\mkern 1mu} max_{j} \Delta_{ij} }}{{\Delta_{ij} + {\mkern 1mu} \rho \,{\mkern 1mu} max_{i} {\mkern 1mu} max_{j} {\mkern 1mu} \Delta_{ij} }}$$
    (5)

    In this formula, ρ is the Coefficient of Determination whose value is ranged from 0 to 1 and is usually considered 0.5, because it provides moderate differentiation effects and good stability. The smaller the ρ value, the higher its determination capability will be. In this study, its value was considered 0.5.

  7. 7.

    Computing of the grey relational grade: Finally, the grey relational grade was calculated using the following formula:

    $$\gamma_{i} = \mathop \sum \limits_{j = 1}^{n} \left( {w_{j} \times \gamma_{ij} } \right), \mathop \sum \limits_{j = 1}^{n} w_{j} = 1$$
    (6)

    The grey relational grade is the total weight of the grey relational coefficients, which indicates the correlation between the reference sequence and the sequence of the ith alternative. The Shannon Entropy technique was used to calculate the weight of the indicators. In this technique, the Pij matrix was calculated as follows based on the initial data [28]:

    $$P_{ij} = \frac{{z_{ij} }}{{\mathop \sum \nolimits_{i = 1}^{m} r_{ij} }}$$
    (7)

    Then from the Pij series, a value with the symbol of Ej was calculated per indicator.

    $$E_{j} = - K \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^{m} \left[ {P_{ij} \times Ln P_{ij} } \right]$$
    (8)

    As K was a constant positive value, for providing 1 ≥ E ≥ 0. \({\text{K}} = \frac{1}{Lnm}\), given that m = 19 in this study, the K value was calculated to be 0.34. From the data generated for the jth indicator, the degree of deviation (dj) was calculated as follows:

    $$d_{j} = 1 - E_{j}$$
    (9)

    Finally, the weights of the indicators (Wj) were calculated using the following formula:

    $$W_{j} = \frac{{d_{j} }}{{\mathop \sum \nolimits_{j = 1}^{n} d_{j} }}$$
    (10)

    All the calculations above were done separately for each year and for the mean data of 2005–2014 using the Microsoft Office Excel software 2013.

Results

This study evaluated the performance of the EMR countries’ health system financing, using GRA and Shannon Entropy. As stated above, the analyses and rankings were conducted both on an annual basis and for the average period of 2005–2014. However, due to the large number of tables and the high volume of information, the tables showing the average period of 10 years are presented here. The final results of the annual analyses, including the grey relational grade and the ranks of the countries are presented in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 1 shows the mean healthcare financing indicators of the EMR countries during the years 2005–2014, which is also the GRA performance matrix. On average, the countries in the region spent 4.87% of their GDP on the health sector. Furthermore, in these countries, Out of Pocket expenditure (OOP) accounted for 40% of total health expenditure (THE) and 84% of private expenditure on health (PvtHE).

Table 1 Mean healthcare financing indicators of the EMR countries during the years 2005–2014
Full size table

On average, Jordan and Qatar allocated the highest (8.313) and the lowest (2.293) percentages of their GDP to the health sector, respectively. However, in terms of the THE per capita, Qatar and Pakistan had the highest (1733.858 US$) and the lowest (31.35 US$) THE per capita, respectively. Also, the highest and the lowest OOPs as the percentages of THE were respectively those of Afghanistan (76.046) and Oman (10.18). While Kuwait provided an average of 83.137% of its own THE through the public, Afghanistan had the lowest rate of 23.626%. In Iran, on average, 38.97% of THE was supplied through the public during the years of this study (Table 1).

The data analysis and the evaluation of the financing performance of the EMR countries based on the data in Table 1, and also the GRA methodology are provided in the following. First of all, the performance matrix was normalized using Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 formulas. The aim of normalizing the performance matrix was to convert the original data into a comparable sequence. After normalization, the reference sequence was defined by Eq. 3 formula (Additional file 1: Table S1). Then, the difference matrix was created by calculating the difference between the entries of the normalized matrix and its reference value based on Eq. 4 formula (Additional file 1: Table S2). In the next step, the grey relational coefficients were obtained through Eq. 5 formula (Additional file 1: Table S3).

In order to calculate the grey relational grade, the weights of the indicators were first calculated using Eq. 7 to Eq. 10 formulas of Shannon Entropy. According to the Shannon Entropy calculations, the most important indicator in the evaluation of the health system financing of the EMR countries was THE per capita. In contrast, the indicator of OOP percentage of private health expenditures had the lowest weight compared to other indicators (Table 2).

Table 2 Shannon Entropy calculations for healthcare financing indicators of the EMR countries
Full size table

Finally, the grey grade of health system financing of the EMR countries was calculated using Eq. 6 formula. Table 3 shows the grey relational grade of the countries both for the years 2005–2014 and for each single year of conducting this study. The grey relational grade indicates the degree of correlation between the status of an alternative and the reference state (Ideal state). The higher the obtained value, a more favorable status the item will have. According to Table 3, Qatar had the highest average grey grade (0.8619) and was in a more favorable status than other EMR countries in terms of financing the health system. In contrast, the average 10-year period showed that Pakistan had the lowest grey grade (0.3485) and the poorest health system financing status. However, an annual investigation showed that Pakistan had the most unfavorable status from 2005 to 2011, and Yemen had the worst healthcare financing situation from 2012 to 2014 (Table 3).

Table 3 Grey relational grade of the EMR countries in healthcare financing during the years 2005–2014
Full size table

In the end, based on the countries’ gray relational grade in Table 3, the EMR countries were ranked on the basis of the health system financing during 2005–2014. Table 4 shows that Qatar was in a better condition than other EMR countries during 2005–2014 in terms of the health system financing and earned the first rank. After that, the UAE and Kuwait were ranked second and third. In contrast, Pakistan and Yemen were ranked the last ones, respectively. Iran and Sudan, with a promotion of 4 ranks in 2014 compared to 2005, had the highest promotion. Iran was ranked 12 in 2005 but was promoted to 8th in 2014, with an average rank of 10. In contrast, Lebanon and Syria, with a relegation of 5 and 3 ranks, respectively, had more unfavorable conditions in 2014 compared to 2005 (Table 4).

Table 4 Ranking of the EMR countries in healthcare financing during the years 2005–2014
Full size table

Discussion

According to the findings of this study, indefinite values were obtained through GRA for the health system financing of the EMR countries. The GRA method showed that there were great differences between the health systems financing of the EMR countries. The findings indicated that, based on the indicators under study, Qatar was nearly in a favorable condition. In contrast, Pakistan’s health system financing needed to be paid more attention and strengthened, because according to the results of the study, it was far away from the favorable condition compared to other EMR countries. However, the negative impact of war and insecurity on the performance of the health system, especially its financing performance, in some countries of the region (Afghanistan, Iraq and Syrian) should not be ignored.

According to the World Bank statistics, Qatar had a gross national income of $ 161 billion and 6.45% GDP growth in 2015, with a population of only 2,569,804 people in 2015. In contrast, Pakistan, with the population of 97,286,333 in 2015 had $ 287 billion gross national income and 5.16% GDP growth [29, 30]. As Table 1 shows, although Pakistan allocated a higher percentage of its GDP to the health sector compared to Qatar, the 38-fold difference in the population of these two countries has led the THE per capita to be 55.3 times more in Qatar than in Pakistan. The study by Ahmadi et al. [4] also showed that during 1995–2011, Qatar and Pakistan were ranked first and last, respectively, in terms of the THE per capita. In his study, Shetty suggested that the low share of health expenditures from GDP in countries like Qatar could be attributed to their low population [31].

The results showed that, on average, about 54% of the THE in the EMR countries was provided through the public sector. Thus, it can be said that the remaining 46% was provided through the private sector. According to the WHO definition, PvtHE refers to the total expenditure on health by private entities including families, commercial insurance, health insurance, nonprofit institutions, and the companies providing or financing health services [32]. But the results showed that 84% of PvtHE was directly paid by households. Therefore, it seems that in these countries, private insurance and non-profit institutions supporting the health sector have not been developed well and have played a minor role in healthcare financing. The results also showed that countries that provided a higher percentage of their PvtHE through direct payments by households (Syria, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan and Yemen) were ranked lower in the ranking of healthcare financing performance. Shetty stated that one of the causes of high PvtHE in poorer countries was the lack of access to quality public health services [31].

Although private budgets play an important role in health systems, evidence shows that public financing helps countries achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) [33]. For this reason, increased government financing in the health sector is highly emphasized [34]. The results showed that in terms of GGHE share of TGE, Jordan, Tunisia and Iran had the highest rates, respectively, and were ranked 4, 10 and 9. On the other hand, Yemen, Pakistan and Iraq had the lowest rates, ranked 18, 19 and 12.

Countries whose average OOP share of THE was over 50%, had poorer healthcare financing performance and were ranked 10 to 19, while the OOP share of THE in the first 5 countries was less than 28%. The Entropy analysis showed that among the indicators under study, the OOP was the second indicator influencing the performance of the health system financing. According to the calculations done in the present study, the average OOP in the EMR countries was 40% for health services during 2005–2014. This amount was 32.1% for the whole world and 17.9% for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) high income countries in 2013 [35].

In countries with high OOP rates, the risk of catastrophic expenditures is high, too. The high OOP for health services imposes a heavy financial burden on households and, in the long term, may result in negative social and economic outcomes, so that it may keep the poor in poverty and push them below the poverty line [36, 37]. Catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures indicate insufficient financial protection [35]. Sambo et al. [37] suggested that countries should develop healthcare financing models to optimize the use of health resources. To reduce potential catastrophic and impoverishing OOPs, they recommended an increased coverage of prepaid financing mechanisms. Ahmadi et al. [4] too, proposed the allocation of international financial contributions, donations and loans for providing cost-effective health programs in some countries.

Given the fact that health is one of the key factors in the welfare of countries and global economic growth, especially in low-income and lower middle income countries, [38, 39] the EMR countries need to pay more attention to investing and financing their health sectors. In this regard, the WHO considers adequate healthcare financing to be essential for countries to access UHC [7, 40]. UHC is a part of the global commitment to sustainable development goals, one of the main components of which is financial coverage with the aim of ensuring the people’s lack of exposer to difficult decision-making for choosing health services or other essential needs [35, 38]. However, the countries around the world are facing ever-increasing problems with healthcare financing and moving towards UHC [41].

According to the WHO, access to resources, excessive dependency on direct OOP, and inefficient and unfair use of resources are the three most important problems for access to UHC [42]. Although every country has its own challenges, it is worthwhile to use the experiences of other countries to solve common problems [40]. Therefore, it is recommended that countries with an unfavorable condition in the ranking of this study should take advantage of the experiences of other countries to improve their healthcare financing system. Sakha et al. conducted a systematic review in 2017 with the aim of identifying financing policies and strategies for achieving UHC. They categorized the important dimensions of healthcare financing for achieving UHC in 9 groups: stewardship, increasing income and participation methods, risk pooling and financial protection, resource allocation and purchasing, human resources, policy stockholders, policy content, policy context, and policy process [40]. Mehrolhassani et al. concluded that Iran had no significant legal and policy gap in financing for access to UHC. But the major constraints in this country were the ways to implement it and the commitment to laws that had made fundamental challenges to financial protection. To overcome these challenges, they proposed adequate political support and a common understanding among the stakeholders at different levels of policy-making and implementation [43].

Limitations and suggestions

The limitation of this study was the lack of investigating the outcome indicators of the countries’ health systems. Investigating the outcomes of the health system along with the financing indicators will show the great impact of adequate and proper financing on health outcomes. Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies, the EMR countries be evaluated and ranked based on the outcome indicators of the health system and through the use of GRA. It is also suggested that the method used in this study be applied to rank the countries in other WHO regions, or the income groups (high-income, middle-income and low-income).

Conclusion

There is a lot of inequality among the EMR countries in terms of health financing. However, our findings confirmed that only increasing the total health expenditure in a country would not improve its financing status compared to other countries, but it also depends on financing methods. Although some countries spend a higher percentage of their GDP on the health system, they have a poorer financing performance due to the high rates of OOP. Thus, the countries with a poor financing status can improve their situation and move towards UHC without increasing their total health expenditure, but by correcting their financing methods.

Abbreviations

WHO:

World Health Organization

OECD:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

EMR:

Eastern Mediterranean Region

MCDM:

multi-criteria decision-making

GRA:

Grey Relation Analysis

GDP:

Gross Domestic Product

UHC:

Universal Health Coverage

OOP:

Out of Pocket

GGHE:

General Government Health Expenditure

TGE:

Total Government Expenditure

THE:

Total Health Expenditure

PvtHE:

Private Health Expenditure

PHE:

Public Health Expenditure

UAE:

United Arab Emirates

References

  1. Odior ES. Government expenditure on health, economic growth and long waves in A CGE micro-simulation analysis: the case of Nigeria. Eur J Econ Finance Adm Sci. 2011;2011(3):101–13.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Biggs B, King L, Basu S, Stuckler D. Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(2):266–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Keliddar I, Mosadeghrad AM, Jafari-Sirizi M. Rationing in health systems: a critical review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017;31(1):271–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmadi AM, Assari-Arani A, Meskarpour-Amiri M. Inequality of health spending and public health outcome in countries of the WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO). Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2015;3(4):137–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Rad EH, Vahedi S, Teimourizad A, Esmaeilzadeh F, Hadian M, Pour AT. Comparison of the effects of public and private health expenditures on the health status: a panel data analysis in eastern mediterranean countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2013;1(2):163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fazaeli AA, Hadian M, Rezapour A, Fazaeli AA. Assessing the distribution of household financial contribution to health system: a case study of Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(10):233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jowett M, Brunal MP, Flores G, Cylus J. Spending targets for health: no magic number. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ke X, Saksena P, Holly A. The determinants of health expenditure: a country-level panel data analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zaman SB, Hossain N, Mehta V, Sharmin S, Mahmood SAI. An association of total health expenditure with GDP and life expectancy. J Med Res Innov. 2017;1(2):AU7–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Rezaei S, Fallah R, Karyani AK, Daroudi R, Zandiyan H, Hajizadeh M. Determinants of healthcare expenditures in Iran: evidence from a time series analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016;30:313.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Folland S, Goodman AC, Stano M. The economics of health and health care: Pearson International Edition. Abingdon: Routledge; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Khosravi B, Soltani S, Javan-Noughabi J, Faramarzi A. Health care expenditure in the Islamic Republic of Iran versus other high spending countries. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017;31(1):410–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. World Health O. Roadmap of WHO’s work for the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2017–2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lu C, Schneider MT, Gubbins P, Leach-Kemon K, Jamison D, Murray CJL. Public financing of health in developing countries: a cross-national systematic analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9723):1375–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Burhani NH, Karimi MD. Health systems profile-Afghanistan. In: Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  16. AlTbach P. The dilemmas of ranking, vol. 42. Boston: International Higher Education; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lee PT-W, Lin C-W, Shin S-H. Financial performance evaluation of shipping companies using entropy and grey relation analysis. In: Lee PT-W, Yang Z, editors. Multi-criteria decision making in maritime studies and logistics. Springer; 2018, p. 219–247.

  18. Velasquez M, Hester PT. An analysis of multi-criteria decision making methods. Int J Oper Res. 2013;10(2):56–66.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kabir G, Sadiq R, Tesfamariam S. A review of multi-criteria decision-making methods for infrastructure management. Struct Infrastruct Eng. 2014;10(9):1176–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu H-H. A comparative study of using grey relational analysis in multiple attribute decision making problems. Qual Eng. 2002;15(2):209–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jiang H, Lin J-Y, Jiang P. Using Grey Relational Analysis with Entropy to predict the international financial center of China. J Syst Sci Inform. 2017;5(1):88–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu W. Application of improved Grey Relation Analysis to water quality evaluation. Matrix. 2015;1:2.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Singh T, Patnaik A, Chauhan R. Optimized selection of cement kiln dust filled brake pad formulation for best tribo-performance properties using Grey Relation Analysis approach. Mater Design. 2016;89:1335–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Patel MT. Multi optimization of process parameters by using grey relation analysis-a review. Int J Adv Res IT Eng. 2015;4(6):1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wang S-M, Hsieh C-H, Sie P-R. A grey relation analysis of the performance of listed hospitality companies in Taiwan. Int J Organ Innov. 2015;7(3):115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sun CC. Combining grey relation analysis and entropy model for evaluating the operational performance: an empirical study. Qual Quant. 2014;48(3):1589–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhu L, Xu B. Grey Relation Analysis on the High-tech Industry and economic growth—empirical evidence from Yunnan Province of China. Int J Business Manag. 2017;12(4):214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang Q, Wu C, Sun Y. Evaluating corporate social responsibility of airlines using entropy weight and grey relation analysis. J Air Transp Manag. 2015;42:55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. GNI growth (annual %). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2015&locations=QA-PK&start=2012. Accessed 5 Mar 2018.

  30. Population, total. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2015&locations=QA-PK&start=2012. Accessed 5 Mar 2018.

  31. Shetty A, Shetty S. The correlation of health spending and infant mortality rate in Asian countries. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2017;1(2):100–5.

    Google Scholar 

  32. World Health O. Indicator code book. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Barroy H, Vaughan K, Tapsoba Y, Dale E, Van de Maele N, World Health O. Towards universal health coverage: thinking public: overview of trends in public expenditure on health (2000–2014). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  34. McIntyre D, Meheus F, Røttingen J-A. What level of domestic government health expenditure should we aspire to for universal health coverage? Health Econ Policy Law. 2017;12(2):125–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. World Health O. Tracking universal health coverage: first global monitoring report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Long Q, Xu L, Bekedam H, Tang S. Changes in health expenditures in China in 2000s: has the health system reform improved affordability. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12(1):40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Sambo LG, Kirigia JM, Orem JN. Health financing in the African Region: 2000–2009 data analysis. Int Arch Med. 2013;6(1):10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. World Health O. New perspectives on global health spending for universal health coverage, vol. 38. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Al-Lagilli SAM, Jeremic V, Seke K, Jeremic D, Radojicic Z. Evaluating the health of nations: a Libyan perspective. Libyan J Med. 2011;6:6021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sakha MA, Rashidian A, Bazyar M, Sari AA, Yazdani S, Moghadam AV. Health financing assessment and policy analysis toward universal health coverage: a systematic review of qualitative research. Global J Health Sci. 2017;9(5):131–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ekman B. Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. Health policy Plan. 2004;19(5):249–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. World Health O. World Health Report, 2010: health systems financing the path to universal coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  43. Mehrolhassani MH, Najafi B, Yazdi Feyzabadi V, Abolhallaje M, Ramezanian M, Dehnavieh R, Emami M. A review of the health financing policies towards universal health coverage in Iran. Iran J Epidemiol. 2017;12(5):74–84.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

KP and PB designed and managed the project. HR and KP collected the data. PSh and HR analyzed and interpreted the results. HR writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Abdosaleh Jafari, a health economist in Iran, for his contribution in identifying and selecting of financial indicators.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the WHO, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HSFINANCING?lang=en and World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding has been obtained for this study.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Care Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Kimia Pourmohammadi

  2. Department of Management, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Payam Shojaei

  3. Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Hamed Rahimi

  4. Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Peivand Bastani

  5. Kerman University of Medical, haft baghe alavi Blvd, Kerman, Iran

    Hamed Rahimi

Authors
  1. Kimia Pourmohammadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Payam Shojaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hamed Rahimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peivand Bastani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamed Rahimi.

Additional file

Additional file 1: Table S1.

Normalized performance matrix and reference sequence. Table S2. The difference matrix. Table S3. The grey relational coefficients.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pourmohammadi, K., Shojaei, P., Rahimi, H. et al. Evaluating the health system financing of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries using Grey Relation Analysis and Shannon Entropy. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 16, 31 (2018). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12962-018-0151-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12962-018-0151-6

Keywords

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation

ISSN: 1478-7547

Contact us